In the next few minutes we’re going to be talking about modern manners. It’s an argument that, on the face of it, has been going on between the generations, for hundreds of generations. Older people can often be heard saying the youth of today lack the basics in good behaviour and with newspapers and the media focusing on the anti-social activities of a minority of young people, it’s easy for them to be branded with a negative stereotype. So are British manners really getting worse? Our reporter Mark went to find out.
在接下來(lái)的幾分鐘里，我們將談到有關(guān)現(xiàn)代禮儀方面的問(wèn)題。從表面上看，不同輩份之間在對(duì)于這方面的爭(zhēng)論大概已持續(xù)幾百個(gè)年代。我們經(jīng)常聽(tīng)到老一輩的人說(shuō)現(xiàn)在大部分的年輕人缺乏基本規(guī)范的文明禮貌素養(yǎng)，同時(shí)報(bào)紙新聞也報(bào)道了年輕團(tuán)體的反社會(huì)活動(dòng)，所以年輕人很容易被貼上既定偏見(jiàn)的標(biāo)簽。難道英國(guó)在文明禮貌方面的表現(xiàn)越來(lái)越差了嗎？我們的記者馬克決定一探究竟。

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Well, I’ve come to a typical UK high street on a weekday to talk to the young mums and dads, business people, elderly people and students that are out doing their shopping. So we should get an interesting mix of views. Let’s go see what people think.
在某個(gè)工作日，我來(lái)到了英國(guó)一條繁華的商業(yè)街，與那些正在購(gòu)物的年輕父母、商業(yè)人士、老人和學(xué)生談?wù)動(dòng)嘘P(guān)這方面的問(wèn)題，我們應(yīng)該會(huì)得到一些有意思的觀(guān)點(diǎn)，讓我們一起來(lái)看看人們是怎么想的吧。

-Excuse me, sir, would you say that manners are getting better or worse in the UK?
“先生，打擾一下，你認(rèn)為英國(guó)在文明禮貌方面的表現(xiàn)是變得越來(lái)越好還是越來(lái)越糟糕？”

"I actually think they’re getting worse. I think that the standards are declining generally. "
“事實(shí)上我覺(jué)得是越來(lái)越糟糕了，有關(guān)禮貌方面的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)大體上降低了。”

"I think they are getting worse but not terribly so."
“我覺(jué)得是變差了但也不至于那么糟糕。”

"Generally in buses and trains I think that people’s manners have improved in many ways."
“從總體上說(shuō)，在公車(chē)和列車(chē)上，人們?cè)诤芏喾矫娴谋憩F(xiàn)已經(jīng)有所進(jìn)步了。”

"There are cultural differences, so you might meet someone from a different culture and your set of manners will quite be different to theirs."
“許多文化之間是存在差異的，所以你可能遇到來(lái)自不同文化背景的人，而且你在禮儀方面的方式也與他們的不盡相同。”

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Well, is it all a question of individual taste or is there some common ground? With me here is Simon Fanshawe, author of a book called ‘The Done Thing’, all about modern British manners.
這種問(wèn)題是因人而異還是普遍存在呢？在我身邊的是西蒙•凡維斯，他是著作《約定俗成》的作者，他在這本書(shū)中主要講述了現(xiàn)代英國(guó)的禮儀風(fēng)尚。

-Simon, what are the basic dos and don’ts?
西蒙，在你看來(lái)，哪些行為舉止是能體現(xiàn)風(fēng)度的，哪些是不被接受的？

-I think one of the things that’s confusing for people is when they come here is there appear to be hundreds and hundreds of rules, hundreds of things you should and shouldn’t do. And the truth of it is that most of them are about class. And lots of them are trip-wires actually for people who don’t know them.
So what I tried to do in my book was take it back to some sort of first principle and say look – there are anthropological reasons why we have certain kinds of manners. So I’ll give you a very good example, in Britain there are sort of two ways of holding a knife, very broadly. And broadly speaking the middle-classes hold it with the index finger on the top, gripped in the hand. And working-class people hold it like a pen. Entirely a class distinction and people mercilessly exploit it if they want to. The truth of it is, the one way not to hold a knife at the table, is clasped in your fist, raised as if to kill your guest. And what does that tell us about eating? Well, what it tells us about eating is two things: it's never confuse your guests with either the food or the enemy. Don’t eat them and don’t kill them!That’s about how you should hold your knife, because actually manners are really about the reduction of violence. There’s a lot in there about reducing violence. So that’s just an illustration of what one tries to do so actually when you look at real table manners they’re about people feeling comfortable with each other, sharing food around a table. Very important human thing.
所以我盡量在我的書(shū)中還原禮儀本來(lái)的概念和從人類(lèi)學(xué)方面說(shuō)明為什么我們會(huì)有既定的禮儀要求。我給你們舉一個(gè)很貼切的例子吧。廣泛地說(shuō)，在英國(guó)有兩種握餐刀的方式。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，中產(chǎn)階級(jí)緊握餐刀并把食指放在上面，而工人階級(jí)握餐刀像握一支筆那樣。這種不同的方式完全是由于階級(jí)差異，人們可以毫不留情地利用它。事實(shí)上，有一個(gè)方法可以避免在餐桌上使用餐刀，就是把它緊握在你的拳頭中，然后舉起來(lái)，好像你要?dú)⒘四愕目腿四菢�。從中我們可以得知哪些飲食風(fēng)度呢？這兩件事可以說(shuō)明：你的客人不會(huì)對(duì)食物或者你自認(rèn)為充滿(mǎn)敵對(duì)的行為感到困惑，你既不是要吃這些食物，也不是要?dú)⑺浪麄儯∵@都與你握餐刀的方式有關(guān)，因?yàn)槭聦?shí)上風(fēng)度與減少暴力是有關(guān)系的，而且是很大程度上有關(guān)系。所以這很好地闡釋了人們?cè)诓妥�上其�?lè)融融地分享食物時(shí)充滿(mǎn)了人性化的原因。

-And are things actually getting worse?
事情是否越來(lái)越糟糕呢？

-Very broadly speaking, we all rub along together pretty well, actually, we don’t do so badly. The trouble with bad manners is that when you experience it, it completely occupies your field of vision. So you feel completely knocked back and rather hurt by somebody.
廣義上講，我們相處得很好，事實(shí)上并不是那么順利，在你經(jīng)歷時(shí)才會(huì)體會(huì)到不恰當(dāng)?shù)娘L(fēng)度所帶來(lái)的困擾，它們完全遮擋了你的視線(xiàn)，所以你會(huì)承受打擊和某些人對(duì)你的傷害。

-Should foreigners, say, comply with British manners when in Britain or should they just be themselves?
這么說(shuō)來(lái)，外國(guó)人是應(yīng)該遵守英國(guó)禮儀要求還是按照他們自己的方式呢？

-Well I think, one, they should be very gentle with us because we’re not terribly good at understanding that there are lots of different customs from round the world, so you know, be gentle. But I think the thing what I would say to anybody going to any other culture, any other country in the world: Number one – be curious, ask yourself. The other thing is don’t think there’s a right and a wrong way to do things in terms of little funny details. Always remember that fundamentals matter more than anything else. ‘Please’ and ‘Thank You’ is a gift and a grace in any language so treat people in the fundamental purpose of manners which is to make life easier. If I can give you a definition of manners, it is it the reduction of actual or potential violence between strangers. So always seek to defuse conflict, always seek to reach out and offer yourself to other people, always seek to open the door and let them through. Do those kind of things because actually you’ll find people love it and they’ll respond to you.
我希望外國(guó)友人能夠?qū)捜莸嘏c我們相處，因?yàn)槲覀儾⒉簧糜诶斫鈦?lái)自世界各地不同的文化習(xí)俗，所以寬容很重要。對(duì)此，我想給那些即將到異國(guó)他鄉(xiāng)的人們一些建議：首先，要充滿(mǎn)好奇心和多思考，另一個(gè)就是不要非得為一些瑣事劃清對(duì)錯(cuò)界線(xiàn)，記住一些基本規(guī)范的舉止行為比任何其它事都重要。“拜托”和“謝謝”在任何的語(yǔ)言環(huán)境下都簡(jiǎn)單好用，也能體現(xiàn)你的個(gè)人素養(yǎng)，所以使用簡(jiǎn)便的方式對(duì)待別人讓生活更輕松。如果要我為“禮貌”定義，就是它能夠緩和陌生人之間的沖突感，所以要尋找方法緩和矛盾，為他人提供幫助，打開(kāi)心房讓別人有機(jī)會(huì)去了解你。做到這些善事，你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)人們其實(shí)很欣慰，并且會(huì)給予你同樣友好的回應(yīng)。

-Simon Fanshawe, it would be very bad manners of me not to say, ‘thank you’ for coming to talk to us.
西蒙•凡斯維，如果我不對(duì)你說(shuō)“感謝您與我們分享這么多”，這是非常不禮貌的。

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Our reporter Mark, minding his p’s and q’s there. And that’s it for this time.
我們的記者馬克，表達(dá)了他在風(fēng)度方面的謹(jǐn)慎。今天我們分享的就這么多。