The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention says avoidable behaviors like cigarette use, poor diet and lack of exercise are the underlying cause of half of the deaths in the United States. A new study finds it's never too late to gain health benefits by knocking off such bad habits.

During a five-year study, researchers tested the walking speeds of 2,000 people who either smoke, were smokers, or had never smoked. Current smokers walked more slowly than those who had stopped. The findings will be presented next week at the American Geriatrics Society's Annual Meeting.

The results suggest that even at an older age, changing bad habits such as smoking can positively impact a senior's health later in life. Study leader Alison Moore of the American Geriatrics Society this week suggested five bad habits that should be halted if you wish to live longer. -- LiveScience Staff

5、Bad Food Choices

weight can cause multiple health problems and complications, including diabetes, heart disease and stroke, Moore said. We'd like to add that it can cause reduced sex desire. Substituting good carbohydrates (sweet potatoes, wheat bread, brown rice) for bad carbohydrates (white potatoes, white bread, white rice) and adding lean proteins, while limiting foods with high fat and sugar contents, will help seniors maintain a healthy weight, she said. Not bad advice for Junior, either.

4、Smoking and Drinking

Smoking and excessive alcohol intake is proven to have negative health effects on a person at any age, but seniors who smoke and drink regularly increase their chances of more advanced medical problems. The effects of many medications are altered when mixed with alcohol, which can pose serious health risks, especially for seniors taking multiple medications, Moore said. Smoking, like obesity, will also curb your sex life.

3、Couch Potato

Syndrome As people age, they often slow down and feel like they can't do as much as they did when they were young. While physical activity sometimes becomes restricted due to health ailments, that doesn't mean the brain needs to slow down. There are a variety of activities seniors can do to keep their minds focused and sharp, including word puzzles, interactive games, joining a book club or participating in other social and volunteer activities, Moore said. We recently published this helpful summary: 10 Ways to Keep Your Mind Sharp.

2、Messing Up Medications

The majority of seniors are on multiple medications and sometimes find it difficult or too bothersome to remember when and which medications to take each day. As a result, some seniors "adjust" their daily medication routine without talking to their physicians, Moore notes. To help keep medications organized and alleviate frustration, seniors should use weekly or monthly pill boxes and have a family member or friend help them fill pill boxes on a regular basis or make a color coded chart to help keep track of their pills and the times they need to be taken, she said.

1、Lack of Exercise

Keeping physically active is integral to keeping the heart, mind and bones healthy. For some seniors, physical restrictions make exercise a challenge, but there are still small ways to incorporate physical activity into a daily routine, such as parking further away from the store to get in a short walk. And, programs such as yoga, Pilates or Tai Chi can help with balance and weight loss and can be adapted to all levels of physical ability, Moore said. While it's not yet clear what role exercise plays in weight loss, it is soundly proven to pack a host of health benefits, including helping to keep the mind sharp.

美國(guó)疾病預(yù)防控制中心表示：在美國(guó)，有一半的死亡是受到吸煙、不合理飲食以及缺乏運(yùn)動(dòng)等行為的潛在影響，而這些行為是可以避免的。一項(xiàng)最新研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，要使健康受益，任何時(shí)候戒除這些壞習(xí)慣都不算晚。

在一項(xiàng)為期5年的研究中，研究者們對(duì)2000個(gè)吸煙者、已戒煙者和從不吸煙者的行走速度進(jìn)行了測(cè)試。尚在吸煙者比已戒煙者的行走速度要慢很多。這些發(fā)現(xiàn)將于下周舉行的美國(guó)老年病學(xué)會(huì)年會(huì)上公布。

這些研究結(jié)果顯示，即使年歲已長(zhǎng)，改掉吸煙等壞習(xí)慣仍能對(duì)老年人晚年的健康產(chǎn)生積極影響。本周，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)這項(xiàng)研究的美國(guó)老年病學(xué)會(huì)的艾莉森-摩爾(Alison Moore) 提出了五個(gè)應(yīng)該戒除的壞習(xí)慣——如果你想活得長(zhǎng)一點(diǎn)兒的話。——《科學(xué)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)》編者

第五項(xiàng)：不合理飲食

艾莉森-摩爾表示，肥胖可以導(dǎo)致多種健康問(wèn)題和并發(fā)癥，包括糖尿病、心臟病和中風(fēng)。而我們想增加一點(diǎn)，那就是肥胖還會(huì)導(dǎo)致性欲減退。艾莉森-摩爾說(shuō)，用“好碳水化合物”（比如紅薯、全麥面包、糙米）替代“壞碳水化合物”（比如土豆、白面包、白米），增加瘦肉蛋白，同時(shí)限制高脂肪、高糖食物，將會(huì)幫助老年人保持健康的體重。

這對(duì)年輕人來(lái)說(shuō)也不失為一個(gè)好建議。

第四項(xiàng)：吸煙和飲酒

吸煙和過(guò)量飲酒被證明對(duì)任何年齡的人的健康都有負(fù)面影響，但是那些習(xí)慣吸煙和飲酒的老年人們面臨更多、更復(fù)雜的藥物問(wèn)題。艾莉森-摩爾說(shuō)，許多藥物與酒精混合后效果會(huì)改變，這會(huì)為老年人尤其是服用多種藥物的老年人帶來(lái)嚴(yán)重的健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

第三項(xiàng)：沙發(fā)土豆綜合癥

當(dāng)年紀(jì)漸長(zhǎng)時(shí)，人們常常會(huì)行動(dòng)遲緩，并且覺(jué)得自己無(wú)法再象年輕時(shí)那樣做很多事。雖然身體的活動(dòng)有時(shí)候會(huì)因健康問(wèn)題而受到限制，但是這并不意味著腦子也要慢下來(lái)。艾莉森-摩爾說(shuō)，老年人可以做很多事情以保持思維的集中和敏捷，比如填字游戲、互動(dòng)游戲、參加讀書(shū)俱樂(lè)部或者參與其他社會(huì)活動(dòng)和志愿活動(dòng)。我們最近也發(fā)表過(guò)一篇有用的概述：保持思維敏捷的10個(gè)途徑。

第二項(xiàng)：用藥混亂

大多數(shù)老年人同時(shí)在服用多種藥物，有時(shí)候他們會(huì)覺(jué)得要記住每天在什么時(shí)候服用何種藥物是相當(dāng)困難和麻煩的事。于是乎，一些老年人沒(méi)有與醫(yī)生商量就 “調(diào)整”了每日用藥程序。艾莉森-摩爾提醒說(shuō)，要想使藥物組織有序，避免用藥困擾，老年人應(yīng)該使用每周或每月藥片盒，并且需要一個(gè)親屬或者朋友幫助他們按照規(guī)律填滿藥盒，或者制作一個(gè)色碼表幫助他們了解何時(shí)該吃什么藥。

第一項(xiàng)：缺乏運(yùn)動(dòng)

堅(jiān)持運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)于保持心臟、思維和骨骼的健康是不可或缺的。對(duì)一些老年人來(lái)說(shuō)，身體狀況的約束使得體育鍛煉頗具挑戰(zhàn)性，但是仍然有些小辦法讓體育鍛煉成為日�；顒�(dòng)的一部分。比如停車(chē)時(shí)離商場(chǎng)稍遠(yuǎn)一些，這樣就可以進(jìn)行一次小的徒步走。此外，一些運(yùn)動(dòng)項(xiàng)目比如瑜伽、普拉提或者太極拳可以幫助保持平衡性和減肥，對(duì)不同體質(zhì)的人們來(lái)說(shuō)都適用，摩爾說(shuō)。

雖然目前還不清楚體育鍛煉在減肥中是如何發(fā)揮作用的，但是非常確定的是體育鍛煉對(duì)于健康好處多多，包括幫助保持思維敏捷。